How long do nosocomial pathogens persist on inanimate surfaces? A systematic review
Identifieur interne : 001118 ( Pmc/Checkpoint ); précédent : 001117; suivant : 001119How long do nosocomial pathogens persist on inanimate surfaces? A systematic review
Auteurs : Axel Kramer [Allemagne] ; Ingeborg Schwebke [Allemagne] ; Günter Kampf [Allemagne]Source :
- BMC Infectious Diseases [ 1471-2334 ] ; 2006.
Abstract
Inanimate surfaces have often been described as the source for outbreaks of nosocomial infections. The aim of this review is to summarize data on the persistence of different nosocomial pathogens on inanimate surfaces.
The literature was systematically reviewed in MedLine without language restrictions. In addition, cited articles in a report were assessed and standard textbooks on the topic were reviewed. All reports with experimental evidence on the duration of persistence of a nosocomial pathogen on any type of surface were included.
Most gram-positive bacteria, such as Enterococcus spp. (including VRE),
The most common nosocomial pathogens may well survive or persist on surfaces for months and can thereby be a continuous source of transmission if no regular preventive surface disinfection is performed.
The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2334-6-130) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Url:
DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-6-130
PubMed: 16914034
PubMed Central: 1564025
Affiliations:
Links toward previous steps (curation, corpus...)
Links to Exploration step
PMC:1564025Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">How long do nosocomial pathogens persist on inanimate surfaces? A systematic review</title><author><name sortKey="Kramer, Axel" sort="Kramer, Axel" uniqKey="Kramer A" first="Axel" last="Kramer">Axel Kramer</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.5603.0</institution-id><institution>Institut für Hygiene und Umweltmedizin,</institution><institution>Ernst-Moritz-Arndt Universität,</institution></institution-wrap>Greifswald, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Greifswald</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schwebke, Ingeborg" sort="Schwebke, Ingeborg" uniqKey="Schwebke I" first="Ingeborg" last="Schwebke">Ingeborg Schwebke</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff2"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.13652.33</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000000109403744</institution-id><institution>Robert-Koch Institut,</institution></institution-wrap>Berlin, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Berlin</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kampf, Gunter" sort="Kampf, Gunter" uniqKey="Kampf G" first="Günter" last="Kampf">Günter Kampf</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.5603.0</institution-id><institution>Institut für Hygiene und Umweltmedizin,</institution><institution>Ernst-Moritz-Arndt Universität,</institution></institution-wrap>Greifswald, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Greifswald</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff3">Bode Chemie GmbH & Co. KG, Scientific Affairs, Hamburg, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Bode Chemie GmbH & Co. KG, Scientific Affairs, Hamburg</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Hambourg</settlement><region type="land" nuts="2">Hambourg</region></placeName></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">16914034</idno><idno type="pmc">1564025</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1564025</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:1564025</idno><idno type="doi">10.1186/1471-2334-6-130</idno><date when="2006">2006</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000293</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000293</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000293</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000293</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">001118</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">001118</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">How long do nosocomial pathogens persist on inanimate surfaces? A systematic review</title><author><name sortKey="Kramer, Axel" sort="Kramer, Axel" uniqKey="Kramer A" first="Axel" last="Kramer">Axel Kramer</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.5603.0</institution-id><institution>Institut für Hygiene und Umweltmedizin,</institution><institution>Ernst-Moritz-Arndt Universität,</institution></institution-wrap>Greifswald, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Greifswald</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schwebke, Ingeborg" sort="Schwebke, Ingeborg" uniqKey="Schwebke I" first="Ingeborg" last="Schwebke">Ingeborg Schwebke</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff2"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.13652.33</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000000109403744</institution-id><institution>Robert-Koch Institut,</institution></institution-wrap>Berlin, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Berlin</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kampf, Gunter" sort="Kampf, Gunter" uniqKey="Kampf G" first="Günter" last="Kampf">Günter Kampf</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.5603.0</institution-id><institution>Institut für Hygiene und Umweltmedizin,</institution><institution>Ernst-Moritz-Arndt Universität,</institution></institution-wrap>Greifswald, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Greifswald</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff3">Bode Chemie GmbH & Co. KG, Scientific Affairs, Hamburg, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Bode Chemie GmbH & Co. KG, Scientific Affairs, Hamburg</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Hambourg</settlement><region type="land" nuts="2">Hambourg</region></placeName></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">BMC Infectious Diseases</title><idno type="eISSN">1471-2334</idno><imprint><date when="2006">2006</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title><p>Inanimate surfaces have often been described as the source for outbreaks of nosocomial infections. The aim of this review is to summarize data on the persistence of different nosocomial pathogens on inanimate surfaces.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>The literature was systematically reviewed in MedLine without language restrictions. In addition, cited articles in a report were assessed and standard textbooks on the topic were reviewed. All reports with experimental evidence on the duration of persistence of a nosocomial pathogen on any type of surface were included.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Most gram-positive bacteria, such as Enterococcus spp. (including VRE), <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> (including MRSA), or <italic>Streptococcus pyogenes</italic>, survive for months on dry surfaces. Many gram-negative species, such as Acinetobacter spp., <italic>Escherichia coli</italic>, Klebsiella spp., <italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</italic>, <italic>Serratia marcescens</italic>, or Shigella spp., can also survive for months. A few others, such as <italic>Bordetella pertussis</italic>, <italic>Haemophilus influenzae</italic>, <italic>Proteus vulgaris</italic>, or <italic>Vibrio cholerae</italic>, however, persist only for days. Mycobacteria, including <italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</italic>, and spore-forming bacteria, including <italic>Clostridium difficile</italic>, can also survive for months on surfaces. <italic>Candida albicans</italic> as the most important nosocomial fungal pathogen can survive up to 4 months on surfaces. Persistence of other yeasts, such as <italic>Torulopsis glabrata</italic>, was described to be similar (5 months) or shorter (<italic>Candida parapsilosis</italic>, 14 days). Most viruses from the respiratory tract, such as <italic>corona</italic>, <italic>coxsackie</italic>, <italic>influenza</italic>, <italic>SARS</italic> or <italic>rhino</italic> virus, can persist on surfaces for a few days. Viruses from the gastrointestinal tract, such as <italic>astro</italic>virus, <italic>HAV</italic>, <italic>polio-</italic> or <italic>rota</italic> virus, persist for approximately 2 months. Blood-borne viruses, such as HBV or HIV, can persist for more than one week. Herpes viruses, such as CMV or HSV type 1 and 2, have been shown to persist from only a few hours up to 7 days.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>The most common nosocomial pathogens may well survive or persist on surfaces for months and can thereby be a continuous source of transmission if no regular preventive surface disinfection is performed.</p></sec><sec><title>Electronic supplementary material</title><p>The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2334-6-130) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Allerberger, F" uniqKey="Allerberger F">F Allerberger</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ayliffe, G" uniqKey="Ayliffe G">G Ayliffe</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bassetti, M" uniqKey="Bassetti M">M Bassetti</name></author><author><name sortKey="Braveny, I" uniqKey="Braveny I">I Braveny</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bucher, A" uniqKey="Bucher A">A Bucher</name></author><author><name sortKey="Damani, N" uniqKey="Damani N">N Damani</name></author><author><name sortKey="Daschner, Fd" uniqKey="Daschner F">FD Daschner</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dettenkofer, M" uniqKey="Dettenkofer M">M Dettenkofer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ezpeleta, C" uniqKey="Ezpeleta C">C Ezpeleta</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gastmeier, P" uniqKey="Gastmeier P">P Gastmeier</name></author><author><name sortKey="Geffers, C" uniqKey="Geffers C">C Geffers</name></author><author><name sortKey="Giamarellou, H" uniqKey="Giamarellou H">H Giamarellou</name></author><author><name sortKey="Goldman, D" uniqKey="Goldman D">D Goldman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Grzesiowski, P" uniqKey="Grzesiowski P">P Grzesiowski</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gubina, M" uniqKey="Gubina M">M Gubina</name></author><author><name sortKey="Haanen, Pe" uniqKey="Haanen P">PE Haanen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Haydouchka, I" uniqKey="Haydouchka I">I Haydouchka</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hubner, J" uniqKey="Hubner J">J Hubner</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kalenic, S" uniqKey="Kalenic S">S Kalenic</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Knippenberg Gordebeke, G" uniqKey="Van Knippenberg Gordebeke G">G Van Knippenberg-Gordebeke</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kranenburg, Am" uniqKey="Kranenburg A">AM Kranenburg</name></author><author><name sortKey="Krcmery, V" uniqKey="Krcmery V">V Krcmery</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kropec, A" uniqKey="Kropec A">A Kropec</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kruger, W" uniqKey="Kruger W">W Kruger</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lemmen, S" uniqKey="Lemmen S">S Lemmen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mayhall, Cg" uniqKey="Mayhall C">CG Mayhall</name></author><author><name sortKey="Meester, M" uniqKey="Meester M">M Meester</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mehtar, S" uniqKey="Mehtar S">S Mehtar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Munzinger, J" uniqKey="Munzinger J">J Munzinger</name></author><author><name sortKey="Muzlovic, I" uniqKey="Muzlovic I">I Muzlovic</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ojajarvi, J" uniqKey="Ojajarvi J">J Ojajarvi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ruden, H" uniqKey="Ruden H">H Rüden</name></author><author><name sortKey="Scott, G" uniqKey="Scott G">G Scott</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shah, P" uniqKey="Shah P">P Shah</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tambic Andraszevic, A" uniqKey="Tambic Andraszevic A">A Tambic-Andraszevic</name></author><author><name sortKey="Unertl, K" uniqKey="Unertl K">K Unertl</name></author><author><name sortKey="Voss, A" uniqKey="Voss A">A Voss</name></author><author><name sortKey="Weist, K" uniqKey="Weist K">K Weist</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rutala, Wa" uniqKey="Rutala W">WA Rutala</name></author><author><name sortKey="Weber, Dj" uniqKey="Weber D">DJ Weber</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Cozad, A" uniqKey="Cozad A">A Cozad</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jones, Rd" uniqKey="Jones R">RD Jones</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Engelhart, S" uniqKey="Engelhart S">S Engelhart</name></author><author><name sortKey="Krizek, L" uniqKey="Krizek L">L Krizek</name></author><author><name sortKey="Glasmacher, A" uniqKey="Glasmacher A">A Glasmacher</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fischnaller, E" uniqKey="Fischnaller E">E Fischnaller</name></author><author><name sortKey="Marklein, G" uniqKey="Marklein G">G Marklein</name></author><author><name sortKey="Exner, M" uniqKey="Exner M">M Exner</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kampf, G" uniqKey="Kampf G">G Kampf</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kramer, A" uniqKey="Kramer A">A Kramer</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Aitken, C" uniqKey="Aitken C">C Aitken</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jeffries, Dj" uniqKey="Jeffries D">DJ Jeffries</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Neely, An" uniqKey="Neely A">AN Neely</name></author><author><name sortKey="Maley, Mp" uniqKey="Maley M">MP Maley</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wagenvoort, Jht" uniqKey="Wagenvoort J">JHT Wagenvoort</name></author><author><name sortKey="Penders, Rjr" uniqKey="Penders R">RJR Penders</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ruden, H" uniqKey="Ruden H">H Rüden</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gastmeier, P" uniqKey="Gastmeier P">P Gastmeier</name></author><author><name sortKey="Daschner, Fd" uniqKey="Daschner F">FD Daschner</name></author><author><name sortKey="Schumacher, M" uniqKey="Schumacher M">M Schumacher</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Dickgiesser, N" uniqKey="Dickgiesser N">N Dickgiesser</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hirai, Y" uniqKey="Hirai Y">Y Hirai</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Novak, Kd" uniqKey="Novak K">KD Novak</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kowalski, Rp" uniqKey="Kowalski R">RP Kowalski</name></author><author><name sortKey="Karenchak, Lm" uniqKey="Karenchak L">LM Karenchak</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gordon, Yj" uniqKey="Gordon Y">YJ Gordon</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Helke, Dm" uniqKey="Helke D">DM Helke</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wong, Acl" uniqKey="Wong A">ACL Wong</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gundermann, Ko" uniqKey="Gundermann K">KO Gundermann</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Williams, Ap" uniqKey="Williams A">AP Williams</name></author><author><name sortKey="Avery, Lm" uniqKey="Avery L">LM Avery</name></author><author><name sortKey="Killham, K" uniqKey="Killham K">K Killham</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jones, Dl" uniqKey="Jones D">DL Jones</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Jawad, A" uniqKey="Jawad A">A Jawad</name></author><author><name sortKey="Snelling, Am" uniqKey="Snelling A">AM Snelling</name></author><author><name sortKey="Heritage, J" uniqKey="Heritage J">J Heritage</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hawkey, Pm" uniqKey="Hawkey P">PM Hawkey</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Jawad, A" uniqKey="Jawad A">A Jawad</name></author><author><name sortKey="Snelling, Am" uniqKey="Snelling A">AM Snelling</name></author><author><name sortKey="Heritage, J" uniqKey="Heritage J">J Heritage</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hawkey, Pm" uniqKey="Hawkey P">PM Hawkey</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Noyce, Jo" uniqKey="Noyce J">JO Noyce</name></author><author><name sortKey="Michels, H" uniqKey="Michels H">H Michels</name></author><author><name sortKey="Keevil, Cw" uniqKey="Keevil C">CW Keevil</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Augustine, Jl" uniqKey="Augustine J">JL Augustine</name></author><author><name sortKey="Renshaw, Hw" uniqKey="Renshaw H">HW Renshaw</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wilks, Sa" uniqKey="Wilks S">SA Wilks</name></author><author><name sortKey="Michels, H" uniqKey="Michels H">H Michels</name></author><author><name sortKey="Keevil, Cw" uniqKey="Keevil C">CW Keevil</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Boehmler, G" uniqKey="Boehmler G">G Boehmler</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gerwert, J" uniqKey="Gerwert J">J Gerwert</name></author><author><name sortKey="Scupin, E" uniqKey="Scupin E">E Scupin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sinell, Hj" uniqKey="Sinell H">HJ Sinell</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Elmos, T" uniqKey="Elmos T">T Elmos</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wendt, C" uniqKey="Wendt C">C Wendt</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dietze, B" uniqKey="Dietze B">B Dietze</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dietz, E" uniqKey="Dietz E">E Dietz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ruden, H" uniqKey="Ruden H">H Rüden</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bale, Mj" uniqKey="Bale M">MJ Bale</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bennett, Pm" uniqKey="Bennett P">PM Bennett</name></author><author><name sortKey="Benninger, Je" uniqKey="Benninger J">JE Benninger</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hinton, M" uniqKey="Hinton M">M Hinton</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Perez, Jl" uniqKey="Perez J">JL Pérez</name></author><author><name sortKey="G Mez, E" uniqKey="G Mez E">E Gómez</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sauca, G" uniqKey="Sauca G">G Sauca</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Neely, An" uniqKey="Neely A">AN Neely</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Webster, C" uniqKey="Webster C">C Webster</name></author><author><name sortKey="Towner, Kj" uniqKey="Towner K">KJ Towner</name></author><author><name sortKey="Humphreys, H" uniqKey="Humphreys H">H Humphreys</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Smith, Cr" uniqKey="Smith C">CR Smith</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Blaschke Hellmessen, R" uniqKey="Blaschke Hellmessen R">R Blaschke-Hellmessen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kreuz, M" uniqKey="Kreuz M">M Kreuz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sprung, M" uniqKey="Sprung M">M Sprung</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hara, J" uniqKey="Hara J">J Hara</name></author><author><name sortKey="Okomator, S" uniqKey="Okomator S">S Okomator</name></author><author><name sortKey="Minekawa, Y" uniqKey="Minekawa Y">Y Minekawa</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yamazaki, K" uniqKey="Yamazaki K">K Yamazaki</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kase, T" uniqKey="Kase T">T Kase</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sattar, Sa" uniqKey="Sattar S">SA Sattar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Karim, Yg" uniqKey="Karim Y">YG Karim</name></author><author><name sortKey="Springthorpe, Vs" uniqKey="Springthorpe V">VS Springthorpe</name></author><author><name sortKey="Johnson Lussenburg, Cm" uniqKey="Johnson Lussenburg C">CM Johnson-Lussenburg</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mahl, Mc" uniqKey="Mahl M">MC Mahl</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sadler, C" uniqKey="Sadler C">C Sadler</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mbithi, Jn" uniqKey="Mbithi J">JN Mbithi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Springthorpe, Vs" uniqKey="Springthorpe V">VS Springthorpe</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sattar, Sa" uniqKey="Sattar S">SA Sattar</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ansari, Sa" uniqKey="Ansari S">SA Ansari</name></author><author><name sortKey="Springthorpe, Vs" uniqKey="Springthorpe V">VS Springthorpe</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sattar, Sa" uniqKey="Sattar S">SA Sattar</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sattar, S" uniqKey="Sattar S">S Sattar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lloyd Evans, N" uniqKey="Lloyd Evans N">N Lloyd-Evans</name></author><author><name sortKey="Springthorpe, Vs" uniqKey="Springthorpe V">VS Springthorpe</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Abad, Fx" uniqKey="Abad F">FX Abad</name></author><author><name sortKey="Villena, C" uniqKey="Villena C">C Villena</name></author><author><name sortKey="Guix, S" uniqKey="Guix S">S Guix</name></author><author><name sortKey="Caballero, S" uniqKey="Caballero S">S Caballero</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pint, Rm" uniqKey="Pint R">RM Pintó</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bosch, A" uniqKey="Bosch A">A Bosch</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wladowetz, Vw" uniqKey="Wladowetz V">VW Wladowetz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dmitrijewa, Ra" uniqKey="Dmitrijewa R">RA Dmitrijewa</name></author><author><name sortKey="Safjulin, Aa" uniqKey="Safjulin A">AA Safjulin</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gordon, Yj" uniqKey="Gordon Y">YJ Gordon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gordon, Ry" uniqKey="Gordon R">RY Gordon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Romanowski, E" uniqKey="Romanowski E">E Romanowski</name></author><author><name sortKey="Araullo Cruz, Tp" uniqKey="Araullo Cruz T">TP Araullo-Cruz</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Abad, Fx" uniqKey="Abad F">FX Abad</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pinto, Rm" uniqKey="Pinto R">RM Pinto</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bosch, A" uniqKey="Bosch A">A Bosch</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="D Souza, Dh" uniqKey="D Souza D">DH d'Souza</name></author><author><name sortKey="Williams, K" uniqKey="Williams K">K Williams</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jean, J" uniqKey="Jean J">J Jean</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sair, A" uniqKey="Sair A">A Sair</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jaykus, L" uniqKey="Jaykus L">L Jaykus</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bean, B" uniqKey="Bean B">B Bean</name></author><author><name sortKey="Moore, Bm" uniqKey="Moore B">BM Moore</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sterner, B" uniqKey="Sterner B">B Sterner</name></author><author><name sortKey="Peterson, Lr" uniqKey="Peterson L">LR Peterson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gerding, Dn" uniqKey="Gerding D">DN Gerding</name></author><author><name sortKey="Balfour, Hh" uniqKey="Balfour H">HH Balfour</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hall, Cb" uniqKey="Hall C">CB Hall</name></author><author><name sortKey="Douglas, Rg" uniqKey="Douglas R">RG Douglas</name></author><author><name sortKey="Geiman, Jm" uniqKey="Geiman J">JM Geiman</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Clay, S" uniqKey="Clay S">S Clay</name></author><author><name sortKey="Maherchandani, S" uniqKey="Maherchandani S">S Maherchandani</name></author><author><name sortKey="Malik, Ys" uniqKey="Malik Y">YS Malik</name></author><author><name sortKey="Goyal, Sm" uniqKey="Goyal S">SM Goyal</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Faix, Rg" uniqKey="Faix R">RG Faix</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Weber, Dj" uniqKey="Weber D">DJ Weber</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rutala, Wa" uniqKey="Rutala W">WA Rutala</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rzezutka, A" uniqKey="Rzezutka A">A Rzezutka</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cook, N" uniqKey="Cook N">N Cook</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bures, S" uniqKey="Bures S">S Bures</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fishbain, Jt" uniqKey="Fishbain J">JT Fishbain</name></author><author><name sortKey="Uyehara, Cf" uniqKey="Uyehara C">CF Uyehara</name></author><author><name sortKey="Parker, Jm" uniqKey="Parker J">JM Parker</name></author><author><name sortKey="Berg, Bw" uniqKey="Berg B">BW Berg</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Catalano, M" uniqKey="Catalano M">M Catalano</name></author><author><name sortKey="Quelle, Ls" uniqKey="Quelle L">LS Quelle</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jeric, Pe" uniqKey="Jeric P">PE Jeric</name></author><author><name sortKey="Di Martino, A" uniqKey="Di Martino A">A Di Martino</name></author><author><name sortKey="Maimone, Sm" uniqKey="Maimone S">SM Maimone</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Boyce, Jm" uniqKey="Boyce J">JM Boyce</name></author><author><name sortKey="Potter Bynoe, G" uniqKey="Potter Bynoe G">G Potter-Bynoe</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chenevert, C" uniqKey="Chenevert C">C Chenevert</name></author><author><name sortKey="King, T" uniqKey="King T">T King</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Scott, E" uniqKey="Scott E">E Scott</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bloomfield, Sf" uniqKey="Bloomfield S">SF Bloomfield</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rangel Frausto, Ms" uniqKey="Rangel Frausto M">MS Rangel-Frausto</name></author><author><name sortKey="Houston, Ak" uniqKey="Houston A">AK Houston</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bale, Mj" uniqKey="Bale M">MJ Bale</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fu, C" uniqKey="Fu C">C Fu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wenzel, Rp" uniqKey="Wenzel R">RP Wenzel</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gwaltney, Jm" uniqKey="Gwaltney J">JM Gwaltney</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hendley, Jo" uniqKey="Hendley J">JO Hendley</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mbithi, Jn" uniqKey="Mbithi J">JN Mbithi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Springthorpe, Vs" uniqKey="Springthorpe V">VS Springthorpe</name></author><author><name sortKey="Boulet, Jr" uniqKey="Boulet J">JR Boulet</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sattar, Sa" uniqKey="Sattar S">SA Sattar</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ward, Rl" uniqKey="Ward R">RL Ward</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bernstein, Di" uniqKey="Bernstein D">DI Bernstein</name></author><author><name sortKey="Knowlton, Dr" uniqKey="Knowlton D">DR Knowlton</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sherwood, Jr" uniqKey="Sherwood J">JR Sherwood</name></author><author><name sortKey="Young, Ec" uniqKey="Young E">EC Young</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cusack, Tm" uniqKey="Cusack T">TM Cusack</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rubino, Jr" uniqKey="Rubino J">JR Rubino</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ansari, Sa" uniqKey="Ansari S">SA Ansari</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sattar, Sa" uniqKey="Sattar S">SA Sattar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Springthorpe, Vs" uniqKey="Springthorpe V">VS Springthorpe</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wells, Ga" uniqKey="Wells G">GA Wells</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tostawaryk, W" uniqKey="Tostawaryk W">W Tostawaryk</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Barker, J" uniqKey="Barker J">J Barker</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vipond, Ib" uniqKey="Vipond I">IB Vipond</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bloomfield, Sf" uniqKey="Bloomfield S">SF Bloomfield</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Von Rheinbaben, F" uniqKey="Von Rheinbaben F">F von Rheinbaben</name></author><author><name sortKey="Schunemann, S" uniqKey="Schunemann S">S Schunemann</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gross, T" uniqKey="Gross T">T Gross</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wolff, Mh" uniqKey="Wolff M">MH Wolff</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Laborde, Dj" uniqKey="Laborde D">DJ Laborde</name></author><author><name sortKey="Weigle, Ka" uniqKey="Weigle K">KA Weigle</name></author><author><name sortKey="Weber, Dj" uniqKey="Weber D">DJ Weber</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kotch, Jb" uniqKey="Kotch J">JB Kotch</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mermel, La" uniqKey="Mermel L">LA Mermel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Josephson, Sl" uniqKey="Josephson S">SL Josephson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dempsey, J" uniqKey="Dempsey J">J Dempsey</name></author><author><name sortKey="Parenteau, S" uniqKey="Parenteau S">S Parenteau</name></author><author><name sortKey="Perry, C" uniqKey="Perry C">C Perry</name></author><author><name sortKey="Magill, N" uniqKey="Magill N">N Magill</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Farrington, M" uniqKey="Farrington M">M Farrington</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ling, J" uniqKey="Ling J">J Ling</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ling, T" uniqKey="Ling T">T Ling</name></author><author><name sortKey="French, Gl" uniqKey="French G">GL French</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Denton, M" uniqKey="Denton M">M Denton</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wilcox, Mh" uniqKey="Wilcox M">MH Wilcox</name></author><author><name sortKey="Parnell, P" uniqKey="Parnell P">P Parnell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Green, D" uniqKey="Green D">D Green</name></author><author><name sortKey="Keer, V" uniqKey="Keer V">V Keer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hawkey, Pm" uniqKey="Hawkey P">PM Hawkey</name></author><author><name sortKey="Evans, I" uniqKey="Evans I">I Evans</name></author><author><name sortKey="Murphy, P" uniqKey="Murphy P">P Murphy</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Fierobe, L" uniqKey="Fierobe L">L Fierobe</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lucet, Jc" uniqKey="Lucet J">JC Lucet</name></author><author><name sortKey="Decre, D" uniqKey="Decre D">D Decre</name></author><author><name sortKey="Muller Serieys, C" uniqKey="Muller Serieys C">C Muller-Serieys</name></author><author><name sortKey="Deleuze, A" uniqKey="Deleuze A">A Deleuze</name></author><author><name sortKey="Joly Guillou, Ml" uniqKey="Joly Guillou M">ML Joly-Guillou</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mantz, J" uniqKey="Mantz J">J Mantz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Desmonts, Jm" uniqKey="Desmonts J">JM Desmonts</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lemmen, Sw" uniqKey="Lemmen S">SW Lemmen</name></author><author><name sortKey="H Fner, H" uniqKey="H Fner H">H Häfner</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zolldann, D" uniqKey="Zolldann D">D Zolldann</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stanzel, S" uniqKey="Stanzel S">S Stanzel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lutticken, R" uniqKey="Lutticken R">R Lütticken</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ling, Ml" uniqKey="Ling M">ML Ling</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ang, A" uniqKey="Ang A">A Ang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wee, M" uniqKey="Wee M">M Wee</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Gc" uniqKey="Wang G">GC Wang</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hanna, H" uniqKey="Hanna H">H Hanna</name></author><author><name sortKey="Raad, I" uniqKey="Raad I">I Raad</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gonzalez, V" uniqKey="Gonzalez V">V Gonzalez</name></author><author><name sortKey="Umphrey, J" uniqKey="Umphrey J">J Umphrey</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tarrand, J" uniqKey="Tarrand J">J Tarrand</name></author><author><name sortKey="Neumann, J" uniqKey="Neumann J">J Neumann</name></author><author><name sortKey="Champlin, R" uniqKey="Champlin R">R Champlin</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Verity, P" uniqKey="Verity P">P Verity</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wilcox, Mh" uniqKey="Wilcox M">MH Wilcox</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fawley, W" uniqKey="Fawley W">W Fawley</name></author><author><name sortKey="Parnell, P" uniqKey="Parnell P">P Parnell</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kaatz, Gw" uniqKey="Kaatz G">GW Kaatz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gitlin, Sd" uniqKey="Gitlin S">SD Gitlin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Schaberg, Dr" uniqKey="Schaberg D">DR Schaberg</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wilson, Kh" uniqKey="Wilson K">KH Wilson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kauffman, Ca" uniqKey="Kauffman C">CA Kauffman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Seo, Sm" uniqKey="Seo S">SM Seo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fekety, R" uniqKey="Fekety R">R Fekety</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Fitzpatrick, F" uniqKey="Fitzpatrick F">F Fitzpatrick</name></author><author><name sortKey="Murphy, Om" uniqKey="Murphy O">OM Murphy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Brady, A" uniqKey="Brady A">A Brady</name></author><author><name sortKey="Prout, S" uniqKey="Prout S">S Prout</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fenelon, Le" uniqKey="Fenelon L">LE Fenelon</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Falk, Ps" uniqKey="Falk P">PS Falk</name></author><author><name sortKey="Winnike, J" uniqKey="Winnike J">J Winnike</name></author><author><name sortKey="Woodmansee, C" uniqKey="Woodmansee C">C Woodmansee</name></author><author><name sortKey="Desai, M" uniqKey="Desai M">M Desai</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mayhall, Cg" uniqKey="Mayhall C">CG Mayhall</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gray, Jw" uniqKey="Gray J">JW Gray</name></author><author><name sortKey="George, Rh" uniqKey="George R">RH George</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mccarthy, Km" uniqKey="Mccarthy K">KM McCarthy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Nierop, W" uniqKey="Van Nierop W">W Van Nierop</name></author><author><name sortKey="Duse, A" uniqKey="Duse A">A Duse</name></author><author><name sortKey="Von Gottberg, A" uniqKey="Von Gottberg A">A Von Gottberg</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kassel, M" uniqKey="Kassel M">M Kassel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Perovic, O" uniqKey="Perovic O">O Perovic</name></author><author><name sortKey="Smego, R" uniqKey="Smego R">R Smego</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hanna, H" uniqKey="Hanna H">H Hanna</name></author><author><name sortKey="Umphrey, J" uniqKey="Umphrey J">J Umphrey</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tarrand, J" uniqKey="Tarrand J">J Tarrand</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mendoza, M" uniqKey="Mendoza M">M Mendoza</name></author><author><name sortKey="Raad, I" uniqKey="Raad I">I Raad</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Martinez, Ja" uniqKey="Martinez J">JA Martinez</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ruthazer, R" uniqKey="Ruthazer R">R Ruthazer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hansjosten, K" uniqKey="Hansjosten K">K Hansjosten</name></author><author><name sortKey="Barefoot, L" uniqKey="Barefoot L">L Barefoot</name></author><author><name sortKey="Snydman, Dr" uniqKey="Snydman D">DR Snydman</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bonten, Mjm" uniqKey="Bonten M">MJM Bonten</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hayden, Mk" uniqKey="Hayden M">MK Hayden</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nathan, C" uniqKey="Nathan C">C Nathan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Voorhis, J" uniqKey="Van Voorhis J">J van Voorhis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Matushek, M" uniqKey="Matushek M">M Matushek</name></author><author><name sortKey="Slaughter, S" uniqKey="Slaughter S">S Slaughter</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rice, T" uniqKey="Rice T">T Rice</name></author><author><name sortKey="Weinstein, Ra" uniqKey="Weinstein R">RA Weinstein</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Duckro, An" uniqKey="Duckro A">AN Duckro</name></author><author><name sortKey="Blom, Dw" uniqKey="Blom D">DW Blom</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lyle, Ea" uniqKey="Lyle E">EA Lyle</name></author><author><name sortKey="Weinstein, Ra" uniqKey="Weinstein R">RA Weinstein</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hayden, Mk" uniqKey="Hayden M">MK Hayden</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mukhopadhyay, A" uniqKey="Mukhopadhyay A">A Mukhopadhyay</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tambyah, Pa" uniqKey="Tambyah P">PA Tambyah</name></author><author><name sortKey="Singh, Ks" uniqKey="Singh K">KS Singh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lim, Tk" uniqKey="Lim T">TK Lim</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, Kh" uniqKey="Lee K">KH Lee</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chen, Yc" uniqKey="Chen Y">YC Chen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Huang, Lm" uniqKey="Huang L">LM Huang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chan, Cc" uniqKey="Chan C">CC Chan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Su, Cp" uniqKey="Su C">CP Su</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chang, Sc" uniqKey="Chang S">SC Chang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chang, Yy" uniqKey="Chang Y">YY Chang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, Ml" uniqKey="Chen M">ML Chen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hung, Cc" uniqKey="Hung C">CC Hung</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, Wj" uniqKey="Chen W">WJ Chen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lin, Fy" uniqKey="Lin F">FY Lin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, Yt" uniqKey="Lee Y">YT Lee</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Butz, Am" uniqKey="Butz A">AM Butz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fosarelli, P" uniqKey="Fosarelli P">P Fosarelli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dick, J" uniqKey="Dick J">J Dick</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cusack, T" uniqKey="Cusack T">T Cusack</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yolken, R" uniqKey="Yolken R">R Yolken</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wilde, J" uniqKey="Wilde J">J Wilde</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van, R" uniqKey="Van R">R Van</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pickering, L" uniqKey="Pickering L">L Pickering</name></author><author><name sortKey="Eiden, J" uniqKey="Eiden J">J Eiden</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yolken, R" uniqKey="Yolken R">R Yolken</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chadwick, Pr" uniqKey="Chadwick P">PR Chadwick</name></author><author><name sortKey="Beards, G" uniqKey="Beards G">G Beards</name></author><author><name sortKey="Brown, D" uniqKey="Brown D">D Brown</name></author><author><name sortKey="Caul, Eo" uniqKey="Caul E">EO Caul</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cheesbrough, J" uniqKey="Cheesbrough J">J Cheesbrough</name></author><author><name sortKey="Clarke, I" uniqKey="Clarke I">I Clarke</name></author><author><name sortKey="Curry, A" uniqKey="Curry A">A Curry</name></author><author><name sortKey="O Brien, S" uniqKey="O Brien S">S O'Brien</name></author><author><name sortKey="Quigley, K" uniqKey="Quigley K">K Quigley</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sellwood, J" uniqKey="Sellwood J">J Sellwood</name></author><author><name sortKey="Westmoreland, D" uniqKey="Westmoreland D">D Westmoreland</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hota, B" uniqKey="Hota B">B Hota</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Dharan, S" uniqKey="Dharan S">S Dharan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mourouga, P" uniqKey="Mourouga P">P Mourouga</name></author><author><name sortKey="Copin, P" uniqKey="Copin P">P Copin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bessmer, G" uniqKey="Bessmer G">G Bessmer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tschanz, B" uniqKey="Tschanz B">B Tschanz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pittet, D" uniqKey="Pittet D">D Pittet</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hayden, Mk" uniqKey="Hayden M">MK Hayden</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bonten, Mjm" uniqKey="Bonten M">MJM Bonten</name></author><author><name sortKey="Blom, Dw" uniqKey="Blom D">DW Blom</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lyle, Ea" uniqKey="Lyle E">EA Lyle</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van De Vijver, Damc" uniqKey="Van De Vijver D">DAMC van de Vijver</name></author><author><name sortKey="Weinstein, Ra" uniqKey="Weinstein R">RA Weinstein</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wilks, M" uniqKey="Wilks M">M Wilks</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wilson, A" uniqKey="Wilson A">A Wilson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Warwick, S" uniqKey="Warwick S">S Warwick</name></author><author><name sortKey="Price, E" uniqKey="Price E">E Price</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kennedy, D" uniqKey="Kennedy D">D Kennedy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ely, A" uniqKey="Ely A">A Ely</name></author><author><name sortKey="Millar, Mr" uniqKey="Millar M">MR Millar</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Musa, Ek" uniqKey="Musa E">EK Musa</name></author><author><name sortKey="Desai, N" uniqKey="Desai N">N Desai</name></author><author><name sortKey="Casewell, Mw" uniqKey="Casewell M">MW Casewell</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Getchell White, Si" uniqKey="Getchell White S">SI Getchell-White</name></author><author><name sortKey="Donowitz, Lg" uniqKey="Donowitz L">LG Donowitz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Groschel, Dh" uniqKey="Groschel D">DH Groschel</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hahn, H" uniqKey="Hahn H">H Hahn</name></author><author><name sortKey="Arvand, M" uniqKey="Arvand M">M Arvand</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mitscherlich, E" uniqKey="Mitscherlich E">E Mitscherlich</name></author><author><name sortKey="Marth, Eh" uniqKey="Marth E">EH Marth</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Boucher, Sn" uniqKey="Boucher S">SN Boucher</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chamberlain, Ahl" uniqKey="Chamberlain A">AHL Chamberlain</name></author><author><name sortKey="Adams, Mr" uniqKey="Adams M">MR Adams</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kim, Kh" uniqKey="Kim K">KH Kim</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fekety, R" uniqKey="Fekety R">R Fekety</name></author><author><name sortKey="Batts, Dh" uniqKey="Batts D">DH Batts</name></author><author><name sortKey="Brown, D" uniqKey="Brown D">D Brown</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cudmore, M" uniqKey="Cudmore M">M Cudmore</name></author><author><name sortKey="Silva, J" uniqKey="Silva J">J Silva</name></author><author><name sortKey="Waters, D" uniqKey="Waters D">D Waters</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mulligan, Me" uniqKey="Mulligan M">ME Mulligan</name></author><author><name sortKey="George, Wl" uniqKey="George W">WL George</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rolfe, Rd" uniqKey="Rolfe R">RD Rolfe</name></author><author><name sortKey="Finegold, Sm" uniqKey="Finegold S">SM Finegold</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mcfarland, Lv" uniqKey="Mcfarland L">LV McFarland</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stamm, We" uniqKey="Stamm W">WE Stamm</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Falsey, Ar" uniqKey="Falsey A">AR Falsey</name></author><author><name sortKey="Walsh, Ee" uniqKey="Walsh E">EE Walsh</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Crosbie, We" uniqKey="Crosbie W">WE Crosbie</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wright, Hd" uniqKey="Wright H">HD Wright</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Maule, A" uniqKey="Maule A">A Maule</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Abrishami, Sh" uniqKey="Abrishami S">SH Abrishami</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tall, Bd" uniqKey="Tall B">BD Tall</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bruursema, Tj" uniqKey="Bruursema T">TJ Bruursema</name></author><author><name sortKey="Epstein, Ps" uniqKey="Epstein P">PS Epstein</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shah, Db" uniqKey="Shah D">DB Shah</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kampf, G" uniqKey="Kampf G">G Kampf</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dietze, B" uniqKey="Dietze B">B Dietze</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gro E Siestrup, C" uniqKey="Gro E Siestrup C">C Große-Siestrup</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wendt, C" uniqKey="Wendt C">C Wendt</name></author><author><name sortKey="Martiny, H" uniqKey="Martiny H">H Martiny</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Noskin, Ga" uniqKey="Noskin G">GA Noskin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stosor, V" uniqKey="Stosor V">V Stosor</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cooper, I" uniqKey="Cooper I">I Cooper</name></author><author><name sortKey="Peterson, Lr" uniqKey="Peterson L">LR Peterson</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wendt, C" uniqKey="Wendt C">C Wendt</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wiesenthal, B" uniqKey="Wiesenthal B">B Wiesenthal</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dietz, E" uniqKey="Dietz E">E Dietz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ruden, H" uniqKey="Ruden H">H Rüden</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mielke, M" uniqKey="Mielke M">M Mielke</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hahn, H" uniqKey="Hahn H">H Hahn</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gould, Jc" uniqKey="Gould J">JC Gould</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Panagea, S" uniqKey="Panagea S">S Panagea</name></author><author><name sortKey="Winstanley, C" uniqKey="Winstanley C">C Winstanley</name></author><author><name sortKey="Walshaw, Mj" uniqKey="Walshaw M">MJ Walshaw</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ledson, Mj" uniqKey="Ledson M">MJ Ledson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hart, Ca" uniqKey="Hart C">CA Hart</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Robertson, Mh" uniqKey="Robertson M">MH Robertson</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Nass, W" uniqKey="Nass W">W Nass</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Islam, Ms" uniqKey="Islam M">MS Islam</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hossain, Ma" uniqKey="Hossain M">MA Hossain</name></author><author><name sortKey="Khan, Si" uniqKey="Khan S">SI Khan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Khan, Mn" uniqKey="Khan M">MN Khan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sack, Rb" uniqKey="Sack R">RB Sack</name></author><author><name sortKey="Albert, Mj" uniqKey="Albert M">MJ Albert</name></author><author><name sortKey="Huq, A" uniqKey="Huq A">A Huq</name></author><author><name sortKey="Colwell, Rr" uniqKey="Colwell R">RR Colwell</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wagenvoort, Jh" uniqKey="Wagenvoort J">JH Wagenvoort</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sluijsman, W" uniqKey="Sluijsman W">W Sluijsman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Penders, Rj" uniqKey="Penders R">RJ Penders</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Barua, D" uniqKey="Barua D">D Barua</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Traore, O" uniqKey="Traore O">O Traore</name></author><author><name sortKey="Springthorpe, Vs" uniqKey="Springthorpe V">VS Springthorpe</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sattar, Sa" uniqKey="Sattar S">SA Sattar</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gerth, Hj" uniqKey="Gerth H">HJ Gerth</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sizun, J" uniqKey="Sizun J">J Sizun</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yu, Mw" uniqKey="Yu M">MW Yu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Talbot, Pj" uniqKey="Talbot P">PJ Talbot</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gagneur, A" uniqKey="Gagneur A">A Gagneur</name></author><author><name sortKey="Legrand, Mc" uniqKey="Legrand M">MC Legrand</name></author><author><name sortKey="Picard, B" uniqKey="Picard B">B Picard</name></author><author><name sortKey="Baron, R" uniqKey="Baron R">R Baron</name></author><author><name sortKey="Talbot, Pj" uniqKey="Talbot P">PJ Talbot</name></author><author><name sortKey="De Parscau, L" uniqKey="De Parscau L">L de Parscau</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sizun, J" uniqKey="Sizun J">J Sizun</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Duan, Sm" uniqKey="Duan S">SM Duan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhao, Xs" uniqKey="Zhao X">XS Zhao</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wen, Rf" uniqKey="Wen R">RF Wen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Huang, Jj" uniqKey="Huang J">JJ Huang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pi, Gh" uniqKey="Pi G">GH Pi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, Sx" uniqKey="Zhang S">SX Zhang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Han, J" uniqKey="Han J">J Han</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bi, Sl" uniqKey="Bi S">SL Bi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ruan, L" uniqKey="Ruan L">L Ruan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dong, Xp" uniqKey="Dong X">XP Dong</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Roger, G" uniqKey="Roger G">G Roger</name></author><author><name sortKey="Faix, Md" uniqKey="Faix M">MD Faix</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bond, Ww" uniqKey="Bond W">WW Bond</name></author><author><name sortKey="Favero, Ms" uniqKey="Favero M">MS Favero</name></author><author><name sortKey="Petersen, Nj" uniqKey="Petersen N">NJ Petersen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gravelle, Cr" uniqKey="Gravelle C">CR Gravelle</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ebert, Jw" uniqKey="Ebert J">JW Ebert</name></author><author><name sortKey="Maynhard, Je" uniqKey="Maynhard J">JE Maynhard</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Barre Sinoussi, F" uniqKey="Barre Sinoussi F">F Barré-Sinoussi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nugeyre, Mt" uniqKey="Nugeyre M">MT Nugeyre</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chermann, Jc" uniqKey="Chermann J">JC Chermann</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Von Rheinbaben, F" uniqKey="Von Rheinbaben F">F von Rheinbaben</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wolff, Mh" uniqKey="Wolff M">MH Wolff</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tjotta, E" uniqKey="Tjotta E">E Tjotta</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hungnes, O" uniqKey="Hungnes O">O Hungnes</name></author><author><name sortKey="Grinde, B" uniqKey="Grinde B">B Grinde</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Nerurkar, Ls" uniqKey="Nerurkar L">LS Nerurkar</name></author><author><name sortKey="West, F" uniqKey="West F">F West</name></author><author><name sortKey="May, M" uniqKey="May M">M May</name></author><author><name sortKey="Madden, Dl" uniqKey="Madden D">DL Madden</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sever, Jl" uniqKey="Sever J">JL Sever</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Brady, Mt" uniqKey="Brady M">MT Brady</name></author><author><name sortKey="Evans, J" uniqKey="Evans J">J Evans</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cuartas, J" uniqKey="Cuartas J">J Cuartas</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Pirtle, Ec" uniqKey="Pirtle E">EC Pirtle</name></author><author><name sortKey="Beran, Gw" uniqKey="Beran G">GW Beran</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Roden, Rbs" uniqKey="Roden R">RBS Roden</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lowy, Dr" uniqKey="Lowy D">DR Lowy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Schiller, Jt" uniqKey="Schiller J">JT Schiller</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Schoenbaum, Ma" uniqKey="Schoenbaum M">MA Schoenbaum</name></author><author><name sortKey="Freund, Jd" uniqKey="Freund J">JD Freund</name></author><author><name sortKey="Beran, Gw" uniqKey="Beran G">GW Beran</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Reed, S" uniqKey="Reed S">S Reed</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mahnel, H" uniqKey="Mahnel H">H Mahnel</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">BMC Infect Dis</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">BMC Infect. Dis</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>BMC Infectious Diseases</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1471-2334</issn><publisher><publisher-name>BioMed Central</publisher-name><publisher-loc>London</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">16914034</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">1564025</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">394</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/1471-2334-6-130</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>How long do nosocomial pathogens persist on inanimate surfaces? A systematic review</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name><surname>Kramer</surname><given-names>Axel</given-names></name><address><email>kramer@uni-greifswald.de</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Schwebke</surname><given-names>Ingeborg</given-names></name><address><email>schwebkei@rki.de</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kampf</surname><given-names>Günter</given-names></name><address><email>guenter.kampf@bode-chemie.de</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff3">3</xref></contrib><aff id="Aff1"><label>1</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.5603.0</institution-id><institution>Institut für Hygiene und Umweltmedizin,</institution><institution>Ernst-Moritz-Arndt Universität,</institution></institution-wrap>Greifswald, Germany</aff><aff id="Aff2"><label>2</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.13652.33</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000000109403744</institution-id><institution>Robert-Koch Institut,</institution></institution-wrap>Berlin, Germany</aff><aff id="Aff3"><label>3</label>Bode Chemie GmbH & Co. KG, Scientific Affairs, Hamburg, Germany</aff></contrib-group><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>16</day><month>8</month><year>2006</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>16</day><month>8</month><year>2006</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2006</year></pub-date><volume>6</volume><elocation-id>130</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>26</day><month>4</month><year>2006</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>16</day><month>8</month><year>2006</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© Kramer et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2006</copyright-statement><license license-type="OpenAccess"><license-p>This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0</ext-link>), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract id="Abs1"><sec><title>Background</title><p>Inanimate surfaces have often been described as the source for outbreaks of nosocomial infections. The aim of this review is to summarize data on the persistence of different nosocomial pathogens on inanimate surfaces.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>The literature was systematically reviewed in MedLine without language restrictions. In addition, cited articles in a report were assessed and standard textbooks on the topic were reviewed. All reports with experimental evidence on the duration of persistence of a nosocomial pathogen on any type of surface were included.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Most gram-positive bacteria, such as Enterococcus spp. (including VRE), <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> (including MRSA), or <italic>Streptococcus pyogenes</italic>, survive for months on dry surfaces. Many gram-negative species, such as Acinetobacter spp., <italic>Escherichia coli</italic>, Klebsiella spp., <italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</italic>, <italic>Serratia marcescens</italic>, or Shigella spp., can also survive for months. A few others, such as <italic>Bordetella pertussis</italic>, <italic>Haemophilus influenzae</italic>, <italic>Proteus vulgaris</italic>, or <italic>Vibrio cholerae</italic>, however, persist only for days. Mycobacteria, including <italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</italic>, and spore-forming bacteria, including <italic>Clostridium difficile</italic>, can also survive for months on surfaces. <italic>Candida albicans</italic> as the most important nosocomial fungal pathogen can survive up to 4 months on surfaces. Persistence of other yeasts, such as <italic>Torulopsis glabrata</italic>, was described to be similar (5 months) or shorter (<italic>Candida parapsilosis</italic>, 14 days). Most viruses from the respiratory tract, such as <italic>corona</italic>, <italic>coxsackie</italic>, <italic>influenza</italic>, <italic>SARS</italic> or <italic>rhino</italic> virus, can persist on surfaces for a few days. Viruses from the gastrointestinal tract, such as <italic>astro</italic>virus, <italic>HAV</italic>, <italic>polio-</italic> or <italic>rota</italic> virus, persist for approximately 2 months. Blood-borne viruses, such as HBV or HIV, can persist for more than one week. Herpes viruses, such as CMV or HSV type 1 and 2, have been shown to persist from only a few hours up to 7 days.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>The most common nosocomial pathogens may well survive or persist on surfaces for months and can thereby be a continuous source of transmission if no regular preventive surface disinfection is performed.</p></sec><sec><title>Electronic supplementary material</title><p>The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2334-6-130) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.</p></sec></abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><title>Keywords</title><kwd>Rota Virus</kwd><kwd>Nosocomial Infection</kwd><kwd>Hand Hygiene</kwd><kwd>Clostridium Difficile</kwd><kwd>Serratia Marcescens</kwd></kwd-group><custom-meta-group><custom-meta><meta-name>issue-copyright-statement</meta-name><meta-value>© The Author(s) 2006</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-group></article-meta></front></pmc><affiliations><list><country><li>Allemagne</li></country><region><li>Hambourg</li></region><settlement><li>Hambourg</li></settlement></list><tree><country name="Allemagne"><noRegion><name sortKey="Kramer, Axel" sort="Kramer, Axel" uniqKey="Kramer A" first="Axel" last="Kramer">Axel Kramer</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Kampf, Gunter" sort="Kampf, Gunter" uniqKey="Kampf G" first="Günter" last="Kampf">Günter Kampf</name><name sortKey="Kampf, Gunter" sort="Kampf, Gunter" uniqKey="Kampf G" first="Günter" last="Kampf">Günter Kampf</name><name sortKey="Schwebke, Ingeborg" sort="Schwebke, Ingeborg" uniqKey="Schwebke I" first="Ingeborg" last="Schwebke">Ingeborg Schwebke</name></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Sante/explor/SrasV1/Data/Pmc/Checkpoint
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 001118 | SxmlIndent | more
Ou
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Checkpoint/biblio.hfd -nk 001118 | SxmlIndent | more
Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri
{{Explor lien
|wiki= Sante
|area= SrasV1
|flux= Pmc
|étape= Checkpoint
|type= RBID
|clé= PMC:1564025
|texte= How long do nosocomial pathogens persist on inanimate surfaces? A systematic review
}}
Pour générer des pages wiki
HfdIndexSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Checkpoint/RBID.i -Sk "pubmed:16914034" \
| HfdSelect -Kh $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Checkpoint/biblio.hfd \
| NlmPubMed2Wicri -a SrasV1
| This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.33. |  |